The+Spread+of+the+Enlightenment

__ Spread of the enlightenment __ By: Meshach Tompkins Brady Bastien Katelyn Demitroff

__ Salons __

Salons were social gatherings held by wealthy women in Paris. At these events, philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great people met to talk about ideas.

__ Encyclopedias __

Encyclopedias helped spread ideas about Enlightenment to educated people all over Europe.

__ New art, music, and literature __

During the spread of enlightenment European art, music, and literature were dramatically changed. The new art, included a grand, ornate design called baroque. These new designs borrowed ideas from classic Greece and Rome. These designs could be found in paintings all over Europe, including Versailles and many other amazing pieces of art. Music also changed along with art. People started listening to a classical type of music. This classical type of music was written in dramatic organ and choral music. Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig Van Beethoven, were some of the classical musicians who emerged. Lastly, literature was written in a new knd of way. People began to write long fictional stories and novels. Artists like Samuel Richardson, who wrote the first novel Pamela, started focusing on crafted plots, suspense, and explored characters thoughts and feelings.

__ Fredrick the Great __ Fredrick II was the King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. He committed himself to reforming Prussia. One of his most important contributions was his attitude toward being king. Many people liked his attitude. Some of the major things that Fredrick II accomplished included granting many religious freedoms, reducing censorship, improving education, reforming the justice system, and abolishing the use of torture. He also believed that serfdom was wrong. Although he believed that serfdom was wrong, he did nothing to end it because he needed the support of wealthy landowners. He never tried to change the existing social order. His goal was to serve and strengthen his country.

__ Joseph II __

Joseph II (1741-1790): Joseph II was the most radical reformer of Austria. Joseph II succeeded his mother, Maria Theresa, and ruled from Austria from 1780-1790. Joseph II introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press. Joseph II supported of worship for all religions, regardless if you were Protestant, Orthodox Christian, or Jewish. In one of Joseph’s most radical reforms, he abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor. This was widely resisted by the nobles and was later undone after his death.

__ Catherine the Great __

Catherine the Great (1729-1796): Catherine II, better known as Catherine the Great, was the ruler of Russia from 1762 to 1796. Catherine was a well educated empress who ruled with absolute authority, but sought to reform Russia. In 1767, Catherine formed a commission to review all of Russia’s preexisting laws. Catherine brought forth a brilliant proposal for reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria. In addition, Catherine recommended all religious toleration and eliminated capital punishment. Catherine also wanted to expand her empire. She sought access to the Black Sea, and fought two wars with the Ottoman Turks to gain control over the northern shore. Catherine also expanded her empire westward into Poland. In Poland, the country had power in a weak king, and independent nobles. Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Poland’s neighboring countries-all tried to assert their influence over the country. In 1772, the three countries all took a chunk of Poland in what is known as the First Partition of Poland. Several years later, further partitions occurred which divided the existing territory.

__ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart __

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1792): Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, fully named Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was an Austrian composer who is widely known as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. Unlike any other composer in musical history, he wrote in all the musical genres of his day and excelled in every one. His taste, his command of form, and his range of expression have made Mozart one of the most universal composers in history.

__ Questions __

What did people use Salons for, other than grooming?

Where did the encyclopedia spread ideas and knowledge to?

What is the name for the grand, ornate design that emerged in art?

Who did the Europeans borrow ideas from?

What major things did Fredrick the Great accomplish?

What is Joseph II’s greatest reform?

What religions did Joseph II tolerate?

What was Catherine the Great’s brilliant proposal for reform based off of?

Where did Catherine the Great expand Russia’s power to?

Who was one of the widely known composers in Western Europe? What did he excel at?

__Works Cited-__ World History Book