The+Scientific+Revolution

= Scientific Revolution =

====**__OVERVIEW-__ before the scientific revolution many people believed the universe was built around the religious theory. However many people saw holes in the churches claims and developed many theories on how the universal structure actually looked like. The "Heliocentric" theory and laws of physics were a result of this resolution.**====

__**New ideas on the universal structure-**__ -Nicolaus Copernicus came up with a system that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. -The ideas before Copernicus were that the earth was the center of the solar system. -Claudius Ptolemy and Aristotle made these idea -the church of rome who was the only authority that mattered, tended to favor this view of the universe. -this was because it put man at the center of a perfectly round universe. -copernicus wrote a book called, on the revolution of the celestial spheres. in it he suggested that the earth rotates on it’s axis and revolves around the sun yearly -he left too much of the old theory out so that he took man away from being the center of the universe. -Galieo galilei later added to the ideas brought by copernicus. he fed the belief that the planets did orbit the sun, and that earth could not possibly be the center of the universe

__Newton and Gravity-__ Newton’s greatest discovery was that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth in space. This became the idea of gravity. According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, every object in the universe attracts every other object. Newton came up with this idea while trying to predict the precise motions of the planets and stars.

__Chemistry-__ Robert Boyle is considered the founder of chemistry. Boyle insisted that matter was made of small primary particles joining together in more than one way. Boyle came up with the law known today as Boyle’s Law; this law explains how the volume, pressure, and temperature of gas affect each other.

__Advancements-__ Scholars begin to use observation, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world. Some inventions at this time were the Barometer, the mercury thermometer, and the microscope. Laws that were published included the law of gravity and the first two laws of planetary motion. The function of the human heart is discovered and bacteria are observed. The world’s first vaccination was also introduced to the world.

__Effects Today-__ Cowpox is prevented through a vaccination; this becomes the world’s first vaccination. Two thermometers are created that are still created today, Celsius and Fahrenheit. We still use the scientific method and microscopes today in school and in laboratories. The barometer is used today as well.

__Copernicus-__
Intro- Nicolaus Copernicus was born February 17th, 1473 in Torun, Poland. He was born into a copper merchant family and had a generous amount of wealth. When Nicolaus was only ten years old his father passed away and his maternal uncle, the Bishop of Lucas Vermia Watzenrode generously took his place as the parental figure and funded the education Nicolaus needed to pursue his studies and become one of the most well known astronomers of his time.

Work- Copernicus set the stage for the “heliocentric” theory, this basically means the sun is in the center of the galaxy and all planets rotate around it. He has been quoted as the “father of modern astronomy” because everyone thought that all orbited the earth. Once people heard Copernicus’ claim they were inspired to discover more about the stars. Some might argue that if it weren’t for Copernicus, people such as, Galileo and Kepler would never made their discoveries. However these findings contradicted many of the religious teachings at the time and made the church (a very powerful organization) irrated.

__Kepler-__

Intro -Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 in Weil, Germany. He was the son of Heinrich and Katharina Guldenmann Kepler. His father was a mercenary and fought for a living. As a child Kepler was weak and very sickly however, he was a wonderful student. It is said that Kepler fell in love with astronomy when his parents allowed him to watch the great comet of 1577 and a lunar eclipse.

Work- as Johannes worked in astronomy he established three laws about planetary orbits and __added upon Copernicus’s work__…

The Law of Orbit- all planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at the focus

The Law of Areas- a line that connects the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas at equal times

The Law of Periods- the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit

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Conclusion- Keplers laws and work on orbits is commonly used today during satellite development and set the stage for astronomers in the future ======



__Galileo-__

Galileo was born on February 15, 1564 and he died on January 8, 1642. Galileo begin to study priesthood in Florence, Italy, but he decided he would rather study in the medical field. He never received his degree in medicine, but he learned a lot of mathematics along the way. In 1589 he was appointed chair of mathematics in Pisa. Galileo is the first person to see the moons of Jupiter and the mountains on the moon. He is known as the first experiment scientist. Galileo made the Copernican system popular by using it and expanding it. Galileo’s work is divided into three parts; his physics, his astronomy, and his methodology. Galileo was imprisoned for expressing his beliefs about the sun being the center of the universe, as a fact instead of a hypothesis.

Anti-Catholics believe the Galileo case was the church refusing to abandon outdated or incorrect teachings, and clinging to “tradition.” Galileo did not actually prove heliocentricity. He could not answer the strongest argument against it which was said by Aristotle two thousand years before. He could have safely proposed heliocentricity as a theory but he proposed it as the truth. Galileo moved his theory on to theological grounds.



__Q's __

1. What does Boyle’s Law explain?

2. Name two inventions at this time period.

3. What sickness caused the founding /creation of the world’s first vaccination?

4. Why was it that the Church of Rome was so opposed to the idea that the sun was the center of the universe?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. What was it that the Church of Rome clung to that made them oppose the ideas of Galileo?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. Who did the Scientific Revolution start with? Who did it end with?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">7. What was Newton doing when he discovered gravity?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">8. How inspired Johannes Kepler to pursue a career in astronomy?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">9. Who added to Copernicus’s ideas on the universe?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">10. What book did Nicolaus Copernicus write?

Sources: (hyperphysics.com) (NotableBiography) (biography.com) (Catholicreseach.org) http://www.catholic.com/tracts/the-galileo-controversy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.scienceandyou.org/articles/ess_16.shtml [] http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/history/world/wh0006.html History Book http://www.google.com/search?q=galileo&aq=f&sugexp=chrome,mod%3D19&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=907sUPL3DcWa2AWd-oDQCA&biw=1024&bih=677&sei=-E7sUL3mL-eU2wWcs4GIDQ [] http://www.google.com/search?q=galileo&aq=f&sugexp=chrome,mod%3D19&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=907sUPL3DcWa2AWd-oDQCA&biw=1024&bih=677&sei=-E7sUL3mL-eU2wWcs4GIDQ#um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Kepler&oq=Kepler&gs_l=img.3..0l10.42001.51909.1.52466.12.8.2.2.3.0.37.259.8.8.0...0.0...1c.1.m8yP-fvYGvs&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=719ada3ecec33ac6&biw=1024&bih=677